Ok, some definitions first,
Cuff alignment is that adjustment on the side of the boot that allows moving the cuff medially or laterally to center the lower leg in the cuff. This adjustment is integral in "canting" but is not canting.
Canting is what we do to allow a more natural stance by planing the boot sole in order to match the anatomical structure above the boot cuff. i.e knees, upper leg as it comes out of the hip joint. The idea is to bring the hip joint, knee and center of foot into a relationship that best resists ground forces. For most people this simply means bring the center of knee mass over the center of foot. Done properly the skier can initiate a turn using both skis more or less simultaneously.
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The reason I ask is that, with a hard boot and a strong strap, it seems that the leverage of the strap
at the ankle will have more influence than the sole or footbed, so close to the binding.
This part of the stance balance equation is fore/aft balancing not "canting". A stiffer boot with a booster strap certainly has more influence on the tip of the ski where as boot sole planing has its influence on the edges of the ski.
So to answer your question
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Which has more effect, sole canting with sanding/shaving the sole, or sleeve
canting with cam or screw adjustments?
for the person who needs to be canted, sole planing has far greater effect then cuff alignment.